Until the 1960s, the word computer indicated a worker—often a woman—who entered calculations into a mainframe. An exhibition now at MUDAM in Luxembourg and traveling to Kunsthalle Vienna, “Radical Software: Women, Art & Computing 1960–1991,” unearths the history of this gendered workforce, while also highlighting those women artists experimenting with or “musing” those same machines. Taking a broad view of the computer in art history, it includes artists who used the computer as tool and as subject, as well as those who simply “worked in a computational way.”
The exhibition is divided into five thematic sections, organized roughly chronologically. “Zeros and Ones” shows early experiments in computing, mostly in the form of wall-based works, but it also includes Liliane Lijn’s kinetic sculpture Man Is Naked (1965), a fragile work from her “Poem Machines” (1962–68)series rarely seen in operation. In the “Hardware” section, paintings by Ulla Wiggen and Deborah Remington evoke the mysteries of various technologies hidden behind their shiny exteriors, while “Software” returns to weaving as the origins of the “soft wares” that have come to define computational output. “Home Computing” traces the availability of the computer to artists who were making screen-based works via novel programs. And finally, “I would rather be a cyborg than a goddess,” which takes its name from Donna Haraway’s 1985 “Cyborg Manifesto,” explores the repercussions of the computer on the (female) body, via the likes of Valie Export’s photomontages and Analívia Cordeiro’s algorithmic choreographies.
The show is organized around a technology rather than a genre, movement, or medium, which makes for unexpected and captivating inclusions. A computational rendering of Isa Genzken’s Ellipsoid (1977), for instance, is displayed alongside the sculptural object that it produced. The pairing underscored her ambition to make sculptures she called “mathematically correct.” Elsewhere, The House of Dust (1967), a computer-generated poem by Fluxus artist Alison Knowles, is displayed on a vintage printer, alongside Katalin Ladik’s Genesis 01-11 (1975), comprising enchanting sonic interpretations of various circuit boards rapidly obsoleting.
Charlotte Johannesson: Untitled (detail), 1981–85.
Some of these early experiments betray an uncertainty about the status of “artwork.” Beryl Korot—cofounder of the magazine Radical Software, from which this exhibition takes its title—displays Text and Commentary (1976–77) as sketches, woven textiles, and videos, alongside documentation of the process. It is unclear where the art object ends and the idea begins, a move in line with the conceptual art movement of the time.
The exhibition positions the advent of computing as a process that eradicates any separation between fine art and craft. This rupture is welcome, as women have historically been excluded from the former category. This argument is most clearly articulated in the links the exhibition makes between computing and weaving: digital artist Charlotte Johannesson, whose work is shown as woven fabrics, digital drawings, and digital images displayed on impressive LCD screens in the sculpture garden, asserts that the screen’s pixels correspond to the warps and wefts of the loom.